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Ôn lại 3 cấu trúc ngữ pháp nâng cao: Passive Voice, Reported Speech, và Relative Clauses 🧠

📊 Phần 1: Passive Voice (Câu Bị Động)

Công thức chung

S + be + V3/ed (+ by + tác nhân)

Chuyển đổi theo thì

Thì Active Passive
Present Simple She writes a letter. A letter is written (by her).
Present Continuous She is writing a letter. A letter is being written.
Past Simple She wrote a letter. A letter was written.
Past Continuous She was writing a letter. A letter was being written.
Future Simple She will write a letter. A letter will be written.
Present Perfect She has written a letter. A letter has been written.

Khi nào dùng?

  • Khi không biết ai thực hiện hành động: The window was broken.
  • Khi muốn nhấn mạnh đối tượng chịu tác động: English is spoken worldwide.
  • Trong văn viết trang trọng, báo cáo, tin tức

📊 Phần 2: Reported Speech (Câu Tường Thuật)

Quy tắc lùi thì

Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Past Simple → Past Perfect
will → would
can → could
may → might

Đổi đại từ & trạng từ

Direct Reported
I / we he / she / they
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
here there
now then
this that

Ví dụ

  • Direct: “I am happy,” she said.

  • Reported: She said (that) she was happy.

  • Direct: “I will call you tomorrow,” he said.

  • Reported: He said (that) he would call me the next day.

📊 Phần 3: Relative Clauses (Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ)

Đại từ quan hệ

Từ Thay cho Ví dụ
who người (chủ ngữ) The man who lives next door is friendly.
whom người (tân ngữ) The woman whom I met was kind.
which vật The book which I bought is interesting.
that người/vật The car that he drives is new.
where nơi chốn The restaurant where we ate was great.
when thời gian I remember the day when we first met.
whose sở hữu The girl whose bag was stolen cried.

Defining vs Non-defining

Loại Đặc điểm Ví dụ
Defining Cần thiết, không có dấu phẩy The man who called is my brother.
Non-defining Thêm thông tin, có dấu phẩy My brother, who lives in London, called me.

✏️ 15 Bài Tập Tổng Hợp

A. Passive Voice — Chuyển sang câu bị động (1-5):

1. They build new houses every year. → New houses ______________________.

2. Someone stole my bicycle yesterday. → My bicycle ______________________.

3. The teacher is explaining the lesson. → The lesson ______________________.

4. They will open a new school next year. → A new school ______________________.

5. She has written three books. → Three books ______________________.

B. Reported Speech — Chuyển sang câu tường thuật (6-10):

6. “I am tired,” she said. → She said ______________________.

7. “We will visit you tomorrow,” they said. → They said ______________________.

8. “I can’t find my keys,” he said. → He said ______________________.

9. “I bought a new car yesterday,” she told me. → She told me ______________________.

10. “Do you like coffee?” he asked me. → He asked me ______________________.

C. Relative Clauses — Điền who/which/where/whose/when (11-15):

11. The woman ______ lives next door is a teacher.

12. This is the book ______ I told you about.

13. That’s the restaurant ______ we had dinner last week.

14. The boy ______ father is a doctor won the prize.

15. I remember the summer ______ we went to the beach every day.

✅ Đáp Án

Passive Voice:

# Đáp án
1 New houses are built every year.
2 My bicycle was stolen yesterday.
3 The lesson is being explained by the teacher.
4 A new school will be opened next year.
5 Three books have been written (by her).

Reported Speech:

# Đáp án
6 She said (that) she was tired.
7 They said (that) they would visit me/us the next day.
8 He said (that) he couldn’t find his keys.
9 She told me (that) she had bought a new car the day before.
10 He asked me if/whether I liked coffee.

Relative Clauses:

# Đáp án
11 who
12 which / that
13 where
14 whose
15 when

💡 Mẹo ôn tập

  1. Passive: Tìm tân ngữ trong câu chủ động → đưa lên đầu câu bị động
  2. Reported Speech: Nhớ quy tắc “lùi 1 thì” + đổi đại từ
  3. Relative Clauses: Xác định từ được bổ nghĩa là người/vật/nơi/thời gian → chọn đại từ phù hợp

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