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📋 Paraphrasing — “Bí mật” của IELTS Reading
Tại sao Paraphrasing quan trọng?
IELTS KHÔNG BAO GIỜ copy nguyên văn từ passage vào câu hỏi. Họ luôn đổi từ (synonym) và đổi cấu trúc câu. Nếu không nhận ra paraphrase, bạn sẽ không tìm được đáp án!
| Trong Passage | Trong Câu hỏi |
|---|---|
| “children” | “young people” |
| “increased dramatically” | “rose significantly” |
| “the majority of” | “most” |
| “was caused by” | “resulted from” |
3 loại Paraphrasing trong IELTS
| Loại | Ví dụ Passage → Câu hỏi |
|---|---|
| Synonym | important → significant, crucial |
| Đổi cấu trúc | “A caused B” → “B was the result of A” |
| Tổng hợp | “dogs, cats, and birds” → “domestic animals” |
📝 Bảng Synonym thường gặp trong IELTS
Nhóm 1: Verbs
| Passage | Câu hỏi (synonym) |
|---|---|
| increase | rise, grow, expand, escalate |
| decrease | decline, drop, fall, diminish |
| show | demonstrate, indicate, reveal, illustrate |
| cause | lead to, result in, trigger, bring about |
| believe | think, consider, argue, maintain |
| affect | influence, impact, have an effect on |
| begin | start, commence, initiate, launch |
| contain | include, comprise, consist of |
| develop | evolve, progress, advance, emerge |
| prevent | stop, block, hinder, impede |
Nhóm 2: Adjectives & Nouns
| Passage | Câu hỏi (synonym) |
|---|---|
| important | significant, crucial, essential, vital |
| difficult | challenging, complex, demanding |
| big / large | substantial, considerable, significant |
| small | minor, slight, negligible |
| fast / quick | rapid, swift, prompt |
| old / ancient | historic, traditional, long-standing |
| children | young people, juveniles, minors |
| country | nation, state |
| money | funds, capital, revenue, budget |
| problem | issue, challenge, difficulty, obstacle |
Nhóm 3: Đổi cấu trúc
| Passage | Câu hỏi |
|---|---|
| X is more expensive than Y | Y is cheaper than X |
| The study was conducted by Smith | Smith carried out the study |
| Pollution causes health problems | Health problems result from pollution |
| Only 20% of students passed | 80% of students failed |
| It is not uncommon | It happens frequently |
🎧 Bài tập thực hành
Bài tập 1: Synonym Matching
Nối từ trong passage với synonym trong câu hỏi:
| # | Passage Word | Câu hỏi Synonym | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | approximately | a) crucial | |
| 2 | wealthy | b) roughly / about | |
| 3 | essential | c) affluent / prosperous | |
| 4 | hazardous | d) mainly / chiefly | |
| 5 | predominantly | e) dangerous / risky |
Bài tập 2: Paraphrase Recognition
Đọc câu gốc từ passage. Chọn câu paraphrase ĐÚNG trong câu hỏi:
Câu gốc 1: “The government allocated $5 billion to improve public transportation.”
- A) The government spent $5 billion on private vehicles.
- B) $5 billion in government funds was directed toward enhancing public transit.
- C) Public transportation costs $5 billion annually.
Câu gốc 2: “Research indicates that children who read regularly perform better academically.”
- A) Academic performance has no connection to reading habits.
- B) Studies show that frequent reading among young people is linked to higher academic achievement.
- C) All children who read become top students.
Câu gốc 3: “The decline in bee populations has been attributed to the widespread use of pesticides.”
- A) Bee numbers have decreased due to extensive pesticide application.
- B) Pesticides have increased bee populations.
- C) Bee populations are declining because of climate change.
Bài tập 3: Find the Paraphrase in Context
Đọc passage và match mỗi câu hỏi với vị trí trong bài:
Urban populations have grown dramatically over the past century. In 1900, only approximately 15% of the world’s inhabitants lived in cities. By 2023, this figure had risen to over 56%, and the United Nations projects that nearly 70% of the global population will reside in urban areas by 2050. This rapid urbanisation has placed enormous pressure on city infrastructure, particularly housing, transportation networks, and water supply systems. Many developing nations are struggling to provide adequate services for their expanding urban populations, leading to the growth of informal settlements and overcrowded living conditions.
Match câu hỏi với thông tin trong bài:
| # | Câu hỏi (paraphrased) | Câu gốc trong bài |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | “City dwellers now make up more than half of humanity” | ____________ |
| 2 | “The shift to urban living has strained city systems” | ____________ |
| 3 | “Poorer countries face challenges in serving growing city residents” | ____________ |
Bài tập 4: Reading với Paraphrase Focus
(Thời gian: 15 phút)
Renewable energy sources have experienced remarkable growth in recent decades. Solar power capacity, in particular, has expanded by an extraordinary 4,300% since 2010, making it one of the fastest-growing energy technologies in history. Wind energy has also seen substantial increases, with global installed capacity tripling over the same period. Together, solar and wind now account for approximately 12% of global electricity generation.
The primary driver of this expansion has been the dramatic reduction in costs. The price of solar panels has fallen by roughly 89% since 2010, while the cost of onshore wind turbines has decreased by approximately 70%. These cost reductions have made renewable energy competitive with, and in many cases cheaper than, traditional fossil fuel sources in most parts of the world. Government subsidies and tax incentives have also played an important role, although many renewable energy projects are now economically viable without financial support.
Despite these achievements, the transition to renewable energy faces significant obstacles. The intermittent nature of solar and wind power — the fact that the sun does not always shine and the wind does not always blow — creates challenges for maintaining a stable electricity supply. Energy storage technologies, particularly lithium-ion batteries, are advancing rapidly but remain expensive. Additionally, the existing electricity grid in many countries was designed for centralised fossil fuel power plants and requires substantial investment to accommodate distributed renewable energy sources.
Câu 1-6: True / False / Not Given
Chú ý: Câu hỏi đều dùng paraphrase!
| # | Statement (paraphrased) |
|---|---|
| 1 | Solar energy capacity has grown over forty-fold since 2010. |
| 2 | Wind power installations have increased threefold in the last decade. |
| 3 | Renewables produce more than a quarter of the world’s electricity. |
| 4 | The cost of solar technology has dropped by nearly nine-tenths. |
| 5 | All renewable projects now operate without government financial aid. |
| 6 | Current power grids were originally built for fossil fuel plants. |
✅ Đáp án
Bài tập 1
| # | Đáp án |
|---|---|
| 1 | b — approximately = roughly/about |
| 2 | c — wealthy = affluent/prosperous |
| 3 | a — essential = crucial |
| 4 | e — hazardous = dangerous/risky |
| 5 | d — predominantly = mainly/chiefly |
Bài tập 2
| Câu | Đáp án | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | “allocated” = “directed toward”, “improve” = “enhancing”, “public transportation” = “public transit” |
| 2 | B | “children” = “young people”, “read regularly” = “frequent reading”, “perform better academically” = “higher academic achievement” |
| 3 | A | “decline” = “decreased”, “attributed to” = “due to”, “widespread use” = “extensive application” |
Bài tập 3
| # | Câu gốc trong bài |
|---|---|
| 1 | “this figure had risen to over 56%” (56% > half) |
| 2 | “rapid urbanisation has placed enormous pressure on city infrastructure” |
| 3 | “Many developing nations are struggling to provide adequate services” |
Bài tập 4
| Câu | Đáp án | Giải thích paraphrase |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | TRUE | “4,300%” = “over forty-fold” (43x) ✓ |
| 2 | TRUE | “tripling” = “increased threefold” ✓ |
| 3 | FALSE | “approximately 12%” ≠ “more than a quarter (25%)” |
| 4 | TRUE | “fallen by roughly 89%” = “dropped by nearly nine-tenths” ✓ |
| 5 | FALSE | “many… now economically viable without” ≠ “all” |
| 6 | TRUE | “existing electricity grid… designed for centralised fossil fuel power plants” ✓ |
💡 Mẹo nhận diện Paraphrase
| Kỹ thuật | Cách làm |
|---|---|
| Gạch chân keywords | Trong câu hỏi, gạch chân content words → tìm synonym trong passage |
| Nghĩ synonym trước | Đọc câu hỏi → nghĩ 2-3 synonyms có thể → scan passage |
| Chú ý số liệu | 4,300% = 43 lần = over forty-fold — cùng 1 con số, khác cách diễn đạt |
| Đổi active ↔ passive | “X caused Y” trong passage = “Y was caused by X” trong câu hỏi |
| Negation tricks | “not uncommon” = “common”, “hardly any” = “very few” |
🎯 Tổng kết Day 2
Hôm nay bạn đã học:
- ✅ 3 loại Paraphrasing — synonym, đổi cấu trúc, tổng hợp
- ✅ Bảng synonym thường gặp trong IELTS — verbs, adjectives, nouns
- ✅ Kỹ thuật nhận diện paraphrase nhanh
- ✅ 4 bài tập thực hành paraphrasing
🌟 Paraphrasing là KỸ NĂNG SỐ 1 cho IELTS Reading! Hãy luyện nhận diện synonym mỗi ngày khi đọc báo tiếng Anh! 🔍📖